History Of Virtual Private Networks Tracesâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The History Of Virtual Private Networks Traces? Answer: Introduction Virtual networks are identified as virtual environments that offer an array of possibilities and plenty of flexibility. The network infrastructure is responsible for providing hardware and software environments at very low rates. According to experts, the virtual network system is a play area or a test space for trying new ideas safely. You dont have to worry about breaking anything in a virtual setting. Also, there are no inconvenient switch ports or wirings inside a virtual environment. Very little work has to be done configuring a host virtual system. Most of the tasks are achieved through emulation of the entire hardware entity and with network protocols that are carefully supported by the guest operating system. The only exception in virtual networks would be the NAT Adapter that works with the TCP/IP protocol. History of Virtual Networks The history of virtual private networks traces back to early 1996s. This was when Gurdeep Singh-Pall of Microsoft invented the Point to Point Tunneling Protocol alias (PPTP). The protocol was used to implement virtual private networks [1]. The protocol allowed users to establish secure internet connections. The connections allowed them to work safely from remote locations like home. This was an important milestone in the evolution of virtual private networks. In the next few years, VPNs changed drastically. There were several different types of virtual networks introduced with a variety of protocols. This includes the SSTP, PPTP, L2TP/IPSec and OpenVPN [2]. Some third party companies invested on virtual networks to host their private servers. These servers were protected using different types of encryption algorithms, ranging from asymmetric to hashing to symmetric. Today, virtual networks are completely diverse. More than two-third of the world uses virtual networks. They are a part of government surveillance teams, online security and the censorship board. Explanation of Virtual Networks The virtual networks are private connections that establish a relationship between people and devices in the internet. It can be used to connect several thousand users together. Experts consider the virtual networks as an internet, inside the main internet. It allows users to establish secure connections that are encrypted and carefully protected from prying eyes, hackers and cyber criminals [3]. The original virtual network was designed for big businesses. It was meant to reduce the chances of hacking and data loss. Today, virtual networks are used in many places. Virtual networks are quite similar to having your very own local network connection. It is a connection where devices can be used to access the internet easily. The network depends on a wide range of tunneling protocols that can hide the source with high-level encryption algorithms [4]. These algorithms make sure data is never lost from the network. Also, anyone unintended will not see the data. Geo-restriction and censorship are two important issues that drive the need for virtual network technologies. Censorship has a history that dates back to various problems in the social media. Also, the demand for efficient virtual networks became web-surfers [5]. Advantages and Disadvantages of Virtual Networks Advantages There are several benefits in defining virtual networks. First of all, the networks are very easy to define. This reduces the need for network hardware devices. With virtual networks, companies dont have to invest on hubs or cables [6]. Also, the organizations network will have very little dependencies on complicated hardware configuration. This makes centralized access easy and management a simple process. Two, it is possible to consolidate plenty of guest systems in virtual machines. All the guest systems can be consolidated to a single processor. This means, the cost and complexity in running separate hardware gets eliminated. Virtual networks dont have the maintenance issues found in traditional networks. Three, traffic outside the virtual networks dont have to be considered. As a result, the virtual networks are bound to secure, available and high in performance. Likewise, a considerable amount of transparency is achieved in these networks. Disadvantages An interesting problem with virtual networks is that unlike traditional servers, network devices are bound to engage in I/O intense activities. This includes the process of moving data across networks. These tasks need dedicated hardware devices. The demand for high speed packet forwarding and routing with encryption algorithms and load balancing are necessary. All these properties are highly silicon dependent. Virtual machines dont have dedicated hardware devices. That means, the above mentioned tasks should be performed by a general purpose processor. This will affect the overall performance of the system. Trying to implement firewalls, routers and switches virtually will burn the CPU cycles. In some cases, the CPU would have plenty of idle time. Trying to utilize all hardware devices effectively in a virtual environment is difficult. Though there are agents to help with load balancing and network usage, the entire process is an overhead and difficult to handle. Improvements done to Virtual Networks An important area that has experienced many improvements in the past few years would be virtual network management. Many protocols are designed to help with virtual network management. Simple Network management Protocol (SNMP) was founded to help data management in virtual networks [7]. The protocol runs in a separate virtual machine with a SNMP agent. The agent supports many management information base variables. The SNMP agent relies on a routine that is pre-defined. Details about this protocol are carefully documented in RFC 1493. The SNMP agent can be broken into smaller subagents. These agents are responsible for acquiring data from the switch. Additionally, they provide a programming interface for real information [8]. Conclusion Virtual networks are responsible for providing various resource sharing capabilities. This includes resources like storage and other devices. When the guest operating system doesnt require high network bandwidth, the process of sharing networking devices is wise. It would be better to share devices rather than establish dedicated resources. Also, network management becomes easy with virtual networks. Common techniques that are a part of virtual networks would be: channel to channel adapter connections and inter-user communication vehicle. These methods are responsible for creating virtual point to point connections between two IP addresses or systems. References [1] B.A. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite. Pennsylvania: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 2005. [2] M. Gupta, Building a Virtual Private Network. Ohio: Muska Lipman/Premier-Trade, 2002. [3] B. S. Davie and Y. Rekhter, MPLS: Technology and Applications. Massachusetts: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers In., 2005 [4] B. Odiyo, Virtual Private Network. Available: https://it.uu.se/edu/course/homepage/sakdat/ht06/assignments/pm/programme/odiyo-dwarkanath.pdf [Accessed: Aug 28, 2017] [5] N. Duffield, P. Goyal, A. G. Greenberg and J. E. van der Merwe, "A flexible model for resource management in virtual private networks," ACM, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 95-108, Oct. 1999 [6] T. Braun, M. Gunter, M. Kasumi and I. Khalil, Virtual Private Network Architecture. Available: https://home.inf.unibe.ch/~rvs/research/publications/TR-IAM-99-001.pdf [Accessed: Aug 28, 2017] [7] J. D. Case, M. Fedor, M. L. Schoffstall, and C. Davin, "Simple Network Management Protocol," RFC 1157, May 1990. [8] W. Stallings, SNMP, SNMPv2, SNMPv3, and RMON 1 and 2. Boston: Addison Wesley, 1998.

Poem Analysis Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo Essay Example

Poem Analysis: Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo Essay A Tale of Two Mammals: The Analysis of How to Make it in Society Connected by the delicate branches of the tree that sprouted from the constantly expanding lineage of the Mammalian family, the hedgehog and the armadillo are also separated by millions of years of evolution. The choice in animals for the poems did not fall under the laws of natural selection, they were hand selected to represent the separate, yet connected underlying messages. Paul Muldoon, author of â€Å"Hedgehog†, and Yusef Komunyakaa, author of â€Å"Night of the Armadillo†, both declare society as a negative parasitic being. Both mammalian protagonists bear suits of armor that barely suppress the impending offensive physical/social forces, all the meanwhile representing the average man due to the small figure compared to the overwhelming size of society, while the relation comes from not one excerpt of each poem, yet each line is an ingredient in preparing one single message. The authors argue that society is a cancerous force that contorts itself to reach under the shells of individuals, yet when approached by conformity-resistant armored personalities, it attacks and isolates the target. â€Å"The snail moves like a Hovercraft, held up by a Rubber cushion of itself, Sharing its secret With the hedgehog. The hedgehog Shares its secret with no one. We say, Hedgehog, come out Of yourself and we will love you. We mean no harm. We want Only to listen to what You have to say. We want Your answers to our questions. The hedgehog gives nothing Away, keeping itself to itself. We wonder what a hedgehog Has to hide, why it so distrusts. We forget the god under this crown of thorns. We forget that never again will a god trust in the world† In this poem, the snail stands for the conformists who have given into the cancerous ways of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The spineless invertebrates are the bottom feeders of the world the lower, more common species of the animal hierarchy. The author uses a mollusk to display the disposability of the common conformed individual. The snail may have the protection of a shell, but he must leave that behind to slowly spread his secrets. On the other hand, the hedgehog represents much more than the snail. It is vastly more rare and exotic, and is hailed supreme as the Mammalia family presides over the Mollusk with the addition of the strength that lies in its backbone, intelligence, and the warm oxygenated blood pumping through its body. Given its advantages over the Mollusk, its Achilles heel is that the hedgehog is vastly outnumbered by the heavy populated snail. The hedgehog is the goodness in human kind, its integrity. Honorably, the animal keeps to its ties by not sharing it’s secrets with society. An ominous commentary then begins toward the hedgehog, and the collected voice of society calls out to the noble creature requesting the vermin to lower his shields in return for the love of his peers. Society begs and begs to extract the requested information with the promise of safety. The voice keeps calling out to the uninterested individual, trying to establish any connection it can until the desire became too great. â€Å"We want / Your answers to our questions† (11-12), requests turn to demands and society begins to take the offensive on the tank of the animal kingdom. This evolution of communication, passive to aggressive, is underlying proof of the liquid goal society has to seep into armor of the unsuspecting average man. Yielding his integrity over the curiosity of society, the hedgehog finds trust only in itself. This refusal at the moral level shows the strength and integrity the hedgehog has. While the hedgehog is the goodness in people, society views this negatively, as keeping to himself must be a reason for the vermin to be hiding something, even though the hedgehog is the lone light in the dark. The voice’s transition from a positive outtake to a negative one is shown when he labels the hedgehog with a capital â€Å"Your†, then never again capitalizing another reference of the small armored mammal. The hedgehog is alone from his peers, isolated from the rest of society as he keeps to himself. The author realizes that society wants a hero, a savior to improve the world. The reason there is not one is that we forget the good people in the world, because the independent ones who make their own choices take the â€Å"road less traveled† and society looks down on this. In the next stanza, the tone shifts as the author directly connects the conflict between the hedgehog vs. the voices to man vs. society when he clarifies, â€Å"We forget the god†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (17). Muldoon covertly exposes the real identity of the hedgehog when substituting the animal as the deity that, in the Judea-Christian belief, is whom â€Å"created man in His own image† (Genesis 1:27). While the hedgehog is God, the voice is society as the author connects the dots between the narrator and â€Å"We†. When Muldoon states â€Å"We†, he in-avertedly ties together the voice, â€Å"We†, and he reaches out of the paper to also include the audience, and society all into this one same being. In this poem our god-like hedgehog is adorned â€Å"under this crown of thorns† (18), to represent the spikes that shield him from the outer world, to represent the pain and agony the hedgehog bears from the rejection of the voice, and to connect the event to yet another religious tie, the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. As society condemned the Savior, a good man who went against common beliefs, to execution with the symbolism of the crown of thorns. If there are good people in the world, then society is isolating them by depraving them of all trust in the outside world. Yusef Komunyakaa’s poem reads, â€Å"You huddle into a shield or breastplate, a whisper in the dark summoning your kin one by one along the frontier. In your kingdom, errant knight of undergrowth, even in your gut fear, you’re always on the verge of a new border or at the edge before crossing into the interior f false prophecies. Desert blooms or berries fall into marshy hush. Around a sharp curve planetary lights spring out of nothingness. How did you go wrong? With only blind faith amp; a dead star left in your eyes, where’s North America? You’ve been around eons, not knowing when you’ve left one age amp; entered another, but I found your Olympus of foolish odds in the modern world. Lovers in cars, delivery trucks make leaves tremble along the roadside. If you know this, little suitcase of guts amp; nails, you are still alive, ven with your broken hinges. † The armadillo holds itself in defense in his shell, the only separation between the noble vermin and his enemies. Komunyakaa describes the shell â€Å"You huddle into a shield or breastplate† (1) as a shield or breastplate to envelop the armadillo in a foggy image of a knight, the bold individual soldiers whom preformed solemn quests to prove oneself. In the next few lines, society’s whispers ride upon the evening zephyr and drain into the thoughts of the armored individual hoping to coax them into uncharted lands. The peer pressure is constantly beckoning the armadillo out to journey where he has not tread, into a land of unforeseen dangers, risk, melted tar, and reflectors. The inner-knight in the armor relishes this quest and follows the urge to taste from the forbidden fruits in the promised Eden that lay ahead. The pioneer vermin is dragged into the territory, nose first in a fruitless attempt to seek the empty promises of looming â€Å"desert blooms or berries fall into marshy hush† (7-8). The planetary lights foreshadow and reveal the literal attacker, yet shroud the ominous metaphorical predator of the story, society. The armadillo is the individual that goes against the way in society, shown literally when the critter crosses the road in a perpendicular fashion to the ongoing stream of cars. The armadillo is the person who â€Å"took the road less traveled by† (Frost) while the cars are the clone-like conformist creations of modern society, and each looks and functions the same in the eyes of the armadillo. Dramatic irony pulls back the view of the car and the armadillo to a bird’s eye view; it seemingly detaches the author from the scene as he can analyze each oncoming aspect of the event from a different point of view. The author criticizes the armadillo for not knowing what was to happen, and for merely going off the orders he received. The defensive armadillo is the struggling American trying to make it in today’s world. He was on the journey to the fruits of his labor until he was struck by the car that life will strike one down with. The hollow shell of a soul in an endless search for unknown riches, the armadillo is a ghostly apparition of the middle class should as it is his quest that leads him to the car, it is him that acts on faith that the bloom will be there, it is him who goes against the automobile in lands unknown. The car has been waiting for him, positioning itself all along for the fateful event to come; the car is the bullet of society waiting to penetrate the taut skin of the average hardworking man with economic and social forces powering it to crush the target. When asking the rhetorical question, the commentary ties the relation between armadillos and cars to individuals in society by asking â€Å"where’s North America† (11). By doing so, this further proves that the injured animal is the American man devastated by the economy. He tells the audience that this happens to the majority of people who â€Å"cross the road† as the armadillo is the same sentient being reincarnated time after time, eon after eon to fill out the same template which we call life. They are no different from others, nor different from themselves even in other past lives. Each is the same, differing in some substitutions to their own template, yet still guided by the parallel rails of ignorance and selfishness. The armadillo is the center of his own universe, just as it is with the average American taking risk against the â€Å"Olympus of foolish odds† (14-15). Much as the Armadillo ignores the incoming traffic, Americans’ â€Å"Olympus† of ignorance is what blinds them into getting metaphorically run over. The author then distresses a message about the peer pressure of society. While no matter the person, all of society are cars, whether lovers or delivery trucks, and they each only make leaves tremble in their wake. To be something different, the author yearns to reach out by telling the audience that even if struck by a car, keep going on: â€Å"you are still alive, even with your broken hinges† (19-20). Both poems convey two different messages, yet when combined they tell the audience to â€Å"take the road less traveled†. To tread from the constant contorting liquid image of society that strives to surround and drown the weary traveler. To be the individual who takes a stand for their beliefs. To be the one who wears an outer suit of armor. To assume the position of â€Å"the god under this crown of thorns† (17-18). And upon that sacrifice, that martyrdom, keep on traveling the path in-between the parallels of integrity and morality, because â€Å"you are still alive, even with your broken hinges† (19-20). Works Cited Holy Bible, New International Version ®, NIV ® Copyright  © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by   Biblica, Inc. Komunyakaa, Yusef. Night of the Armadillo. Editorial. The Paris Review. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. theparisreview. org/poetry/6136/two-poems-yusef-komunyakaagt;. Frost, Robert. â€Å"The Road Not Taken. † Poetry X. Ed. Jough Dempsey. 16 Jun 2003. 01 Nov. 2012. lt;http://poetry. poetryx. com/poems/271/gt;. Hedgehog from  Poems 1968-1998  by Paul Muldoon. Copyright  © 2001 by Paul Muldoon. Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus amp; Giroux, LLC. www. fsgbooks. com

The Wave essays

The Wave essays The Wave is a book about teenagers in a high school who wish to try this experiment. An experiment that started in one classroom, and like wild fire spread through the whole school. The idea of strength through discipline, strength through action, strength through community, suddenly swept across the school and soon got out of control as everyone felt the urge to join the new movement of The Wave. But one girl, Laurie, finds the courage to stand up for what she believes when she realizes that The Wave seemed and insane following group of what the Nazi Movement once was. 3. Analyze one or more high impact scenes of the story. One scene that seemed important was right toward the beginning of the book. The first time the wave started. Everyone had just watched a movie on how Hitler and the Nazis could control the Jews in such a horrible way with out any one to stop them. Mr. Ross, stunned at all their questions, decided to try an experiment. At first he only planned on having this be one-day thing. The students caught on to his plan fast, even the slackers of the class were paying attention and answering questions. The next day the students were so encourage by what strength through action had done, they yerned for more. More of this idea they could just eat up. Everyone loved it, all the student felt they fit in with each other. Laurie, all excited about this new thing, eagerly told her parents at dinner that night. They werent fond of the idea. Laurie told them it was harmless. The next day at school students were skipping other classes to sit in Mr. Rosss class. They decided to give this a name and a salute with a motto. Mr. Ross was all geaked up about the new movement and student participation, that he eventually loves the leadership role he played, and soon found himself controlling. A Hitler in training. 1. Analyze one key character. How can I relate to this char ...

Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens Research Paper Example

Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens Research Paper Example Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens Paper Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens Paper Essay Topic: Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Paper Ashamed of Human Society Today With all the technical advances ( computers cell phones) and the medical evolution you would think that we would be proud of our society, but when asked to write an essay about if aliens came to visit our planet from a higher developed civilization would we be proud or ashamed of the state of human race today, taking a deeper look into our race I can only conclude that they would be disappointed. Would they want to breath in our polluted air, see the disrespect that humans often give one another based on a race or culture, agree with our disregard for other living things, agree with our decisions to get abortions because we can’t live up to our mistakes, or would they be aggravated with the lazy people who just live life on the government’s welfare. The first thing that I feel would disappoint these highly advanced creatures would be our neglect to the plant. Global warming is an ongoing issue. Although we know the cause for this epidemic we continue to drive our cars to and from work or school carrying on with our everyday lives. As the winters in some places seem to get warmer, people knowing the cause just ignore it. But, it’s not just the cars we drive and the pollution that we put in the air, it’s the neglectful student or classmate that see the garbage and yet, the garbage is still laying to the floor. In addition to the disrespect of the environment, when I think of what we humans are doing to our other fellow humans, I would have to say that I am ashamed. People tend to judge other people simply by their race or culture and not for the person that they really are, or the things that they have accomplished in their lives. Racism is a big part of everyday life and it’s just not right. It can be as little as calling someone a hurtful name because of their color or religious beliefs or as extreme as murder. If these aliens from another civilization came here to visit I would be embarrassed of the way people treat other people. Also, not only do humans show disrespect to other humans but what about everything else that gets destroyed, how many species of plants and animals that get killed, how many countless billions of life forms are destroyed that we didnt hear about, that we didnt care about, that no longer exist because of us. Everything on this planet deserves the right to life. But most people only care about themselves now a days, they don’t have any regard to the other living things around us. Not only does this attitude and behavior affect humans, but it also affects the other life forms on the planet as well. All living species are interconnected and play a role in the environment. If one species becomes endangered or extinct, it has a huge impact on the rest of the species as well. For example, even though humans view bees as pests and try very hard each year to make sure these insects do not invade their yards, bees are a very essential part of nature. Bees are necessary in pollinating flowers so that they are able to reproduce. Without bees, this process would be impeded. This is an example of how humans take their environment for granted. In attempting to make life better for ourselves, we often mistreat the little things that help our planet and harm other species. Furthermore not only do we as humans have disregard for other living things, but a lot of people don’t even have respect for babies that don’t even have the chance to be born or live. Just because these babies are not out of the womb yet does not make them any less human, they still have a heartbeat. I believe that if you are old enough to have sex and get pregnant in the first place, then you are old enough to face up to your actions and be a parent. That’s why we as humans invented things like condoms and birth control, its your own fault if you decide not to protect yourself if you are not ready to have children. These creatures from a place or planet that is way more developed would most likely pack their bags and leave if they saw the insolent way in which we as humans behave in today’s society. Lastly, I am mortified of all the lazy people that live off the government. There are many people that have multiple kids just to get more money, sit on their couches all day and do nothing all day. A lot of these people drive better cars, live better and have better housing than the people that go to work everyday to make an honest living. I think that these aliens would be disgusted with these people that are totally capable of working that would rather hang around and do nothing and rely on the government to support them and their multiple children. I don’t think its right to the people that are working hard and have to pay taxes that go to these government fundings for others to abuse these funds and not work even though they are capable. In conclusion, even with the inventions we have created or the medial advances and cures for diseases we have come up with there are still many reasons I would feel embarrassed or ashamed of our society and how we live today if these friendly aliens from a higher developed civilization decided to visit our planet. Not only because of the way we treat our environment but the way we treat other people and other living things. But I guess all you can do is take the good with the bad, you live and you learn.

Week Two Participation Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week Two Participation Questions - Essay Example Due to the current economic slowdown companies even if they wanted could not invest their limited cash flow into renewable energy technologies. The program will enable companies to develop electric and hybrid cars that can stand out and provide the types of benefits Americans seek. A preview of the potential of the technology is already here. GM will launch in 2010 the Volt 230 model, a vehicle with the capabilities of giving 230 miles per gallon. I agree with your perspective that in order for organizational change to occur the changes have to start at the top of the food chain. The executive and managerial staff is the stakeholder group responsible for any transformational change initiative. Their leadership and guidance are essential in order to influence behavioral changes throughout the organization. Changes in the corporate culture must occur simultaneously with organizational change. As you said sometimes this process is difficult, but in order for the changes to occur the managers have to be persistent and allow sufficient time for the employees and other stakeholder groups to accept the changes. The first sentence of your response claims that change cannot be delegated. I disagree with your statement because in order for change to occur the manager must delegate part of the responsibility to other employees that are respected leaders within the workforce. These leaders can influence the behavior of the other workers better in certain aspects than a manager because the employees view these persons as equals within the organizational hierarchy. The example you provided about change within your organization was very insightful. It showed that change is inevitable, but that it takes time to manifest itself. According to your estimates you notice that noticeable change occurred every five years. A manager that thinks he/she can implement organizational change in a matter of months is doomed to fail. Three concepts that you

Crap ( this professor is horrible) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crap ( this professor is horrible) - Assignment Example Students learn about organization theory not only because it is a must, but because they acquire the skills essential for theorizing. For example, students examine themselves once in a while and this allows them to form ideas and expectations that are likely to motivate them to theorize. It is a process that would not work when there is no training. Most students would also not care to take it seriously, if it were not a requirement. Hence, because it is a requirement, a student has to train and learn everyday about organization theory. Moreover, it ensures that their theorizing skill gets refined, resulting to students with accumulated body of knowledge. The other purpose is that it guides research (Professor Kelsey, 2012). To researchers, knowing how to learn and apply organizational theory allows them to adopt a positive view of an organization. A view that is less mechanical. For this reason, researchers carrying out surveys on organizations pay more attention to the staff members, seeking to establish how human satisfaction functions in an organization. Organizational theory informs practice in three different ways. The first way is that it forms a frame of reference. Application of organizational theory in organizations, allows members of an organization to take note of how the political and human resource flames relate to them. For instance, the human resource frames in an organization reflect on its management and the political frames show its leadership relations (Nelson & Quick, 2012). The theory allows leaders to understand the nature of organizations, which in turn allows them to know how to deal with certain organizational situations. Such knowledge allows the leaders to know how to manage the organization most effectively. The other way that the theory informs practice is that it acts as a guide to reflective decision-making. Correctly applying organizational theory influences the behavior or the people applying it

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay Example for Free

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay 1) Who is the target market for each of the following cars? What do you think motivates them to purchase these cars? A)Toyota Prius B)Toyota Prado The Toyota Prius is a hybrid electric car which is one of the first of its kind to be mass produced and marketed. The unique feature of the Prius is its Hybrid Synergy Drive which makes use of both the traditional petrol driven engine and an electric motor. This electric motor allows the Prius to switch off its petrol engine when stationary; and recharge the electric motor using the kinetic energy produced when braking. This not only conserves a lot of energy and petrol, and also allows for a smoother drive in the city areas which tend to have greater road congestion. Toyota’s largest target market would be educated working adults in developed urbanised countries especially in the West where there is a subculture of environmental concerns and issues which are relatively more active compared with the rest of the world. Thus the educated working class in these countries would be attracted to the Prius’ energy and fuel savings, and automatic battery recharging which would not only be a lot more environmentally friendly, but would ensure a more smoothly-powered ride to work in a congested city morning. Furthermore, the affordability of the Prius as compared to other Toyota vehicles coupled with even greater cost savings on fuel – cuts fuel consumption by 40% is an added incentive for these environmentally conscious consumers as they might worry that specially designed green technology might be expensive One of the factors that could motivate these consumers to purchase the Prius is lifestyle. These consumers would be largely influenced by social needs which would in turn shape their own beliefs and attitudes. With the constant reminders of depleting energy resources and global warming in society today, people’s attitudes are changing as they become more willing to adopt new approaches to conserve energy – an environmentally friendly car for the purpose of travelling. Furthermore, as the target market’s lifestyle patterns would be to get to work efficiently and economically, they would want a car that is affordable. Hence these are the factors motivating them to purchase the Toyota Prius. 1b) The Toyota Prado is one of Toyota’s newest SUVs with a four wheel drive and a powerful engine that aims to give its driver an edge above the usual car. The main strengths of the Prado aside from its power is the spaciousness inside and also the stability of the vehicle. The main target market of the Prado would be the sports and outdoors inclined consumers. These buyers will be looking for a car that has enough space and gadgets to transport large sports equipment like bicycles, scuba-gear, surfing†¦ among others. Lifestyle is an influential factor in the buyer’s choice of car. An upper/middle working class executive might choose the Prius for its sleekness and elegance, whereas a buyer who spends much of his time in the outdoors would choose the Prado. The 4 wheel drive that is powered by a strong engine is a significant advantage for buyers who frequently travel on rough terrain. Also the enhanced control and traction that the Prado provides would allow for a smoother ride for the buyer on such ground. Another factor that could motivate these buyers is their own personalities or self-concepts. While some buyers might not be that involved in the outdoors or be so sports-inclined, they might want to portray a more rugged and masculine side of themselves. An example would be in Singapore where there is hardly any road conditions that require the all-terrain drive of a 4 wheel drive vehicle; however, SUVs are a common sight. These could be the manifestations of a psychological need of some buyers who feel a connection with the ‘tough’ and sporty image that a Prado would give. In conclusion, I can see how Toyota has successfully chosen its target markets and analysed their motivations to help them develop different types of cars to cater to each market. This would allow them to appeal to a greater share of the consumer pie, and hence might allow them to gain greater market share.