Cubism Essay -- Art History Cubism Arts Painting Essays

Cubism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the twentieth century, art was recognized as an imitation of nature. Paintings and portraits were made to look as realistic and three-dimensional as possible, as if seen through a window. Artists were painting in the flamboyant fauvism style. French postimpressionist Paul Cà ©zannes flattened still lives, and African sculptures gained in popularity in Western Europe when artists went looking for a new way of showing their ideas and expressing their views. In 1907 Pablo Picasso created the painting Les Damsoilles d'Avignon, depicting five women whose bodies are constructed of geometric shapes and heads of African masks rather then faces. This new image grew to be known as 'cubism'. The name originating from the critic Louis Vauxcelles, who after reviewing French artist and fellow Cubist Georges Braque exhibition wrote of 'Bizzeries Cubiques', and that objects 'had been reduced to cubes (Arnheim, 1984). Cubism changed the way art was represented and viewed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Picasso, together with Braque, presented a new style of painting that showed the subject from several different angles simultaneously. The result was intended to show the object in a more complete and realistic view than traditional art, to convey a feeling of being able to move around within the painting. ?Cubism abandoned traditional notions of perception, foreshadowing and modeling and aimed to represent solidarity and volume in a three-dimensional plane without converting the two-dimensional canvas illusionalistically into a three-dimensional picture space? (Chivers, 1998). Picasso and Braque pioneered the movement and worked so closely together that they had difficulty telling their own work apart. They referred to each other as Orville and Wilbur, knowing that their contributions to art were every bit as revolutionary as the first flight (Hoving, 1999). Cubism was divided into two categories. Analytical Cubism, beginning in 1907, visually laid out what the artist thought was important about the subject rather then just mimicking it. Body parts and objects within the picture were broken down into geometric shapes that were barley recognizable as the original image. Braque wrote that ?senses deform and the spirit forms?. Analytical Cubism restricted the use of color to simple and dull hues so the emphasis would lie more on the structure. Cà ©zanne said, ?nature should be ... ...ople a different perspective with which to look at reality and evoked new emotions. Cubism set a new standard for what is accepted as a work of art. ?Art no longer had to be aesthetically right or nice to be a masterpiece?(Hoving, 1999). It also set the stage for other artists to test new styles that would have been considered too unorthodox before. Cubism truly embodied the phrase, ?art is in the eye of the beholder.? Bibliography Arnheim, Rudolf. Art and Visual Perception, a psychology of the creative eye.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Los Angelas: University of California Press, 1984. Arnheim, Rudolf. Visual Thinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Los Angelas: University of California Press, 1984. Chilvers, Ian, Harold Osborne, Dennis Farr. The Oxford Dictionary of Art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Hoving, Thomas. Art for Dummies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foster City California: IDG Books Worldwide, 1999. Miki, Tamon. What is Cubism? The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.cubistic.com. November 29,1999. Robinson, Walter. Instant Art History, from cave art to pop art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York: Bryon Press Visual Publications, 1995. Schaffner, Ingrid. The Essential Picasso.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York: Harry

Electronic Bill Payment in Canada

1-Introduction: In today’s evolutionary world, where technology keeps on revolutionizing our everyday tasks, electronic bill presentment and payment offer a whole new billing process by offering online and real time presentment of bills and payment choices. It offers great advantages and significantly improves customer care and customer relationship management. We will cover the information found in an electronic bill, followed by the process of a bill presentment. We will briefly compare traditional paper-based bills and electronic bills.And then, we will expose the different parties involved in an electronic bill presentment and payment, followed by the different evolution phases. The advantages and the risks associated with the adopting the EBPP or not. Finally we will see the different users of EBPP in Canada. Electronic transactions will gradually become the principal method for both consumers and companies to pay their bills. The main business driver is the important cos t reduction for billers from reducing manual work and paper, but it must also present an advantage to customers in order to be successful.For now, customers who have become accustomed to internet banking are the prime candidates for EBPP. On July 8, 2004, EPO Inc (Canada Post’s epost) acquired Webdox, the only other bill delivery service in Canada. Together they will provide Canadians with a single EBPP service that will be one of the most advanced of its kind in the world. Figure: Billing Process Stages 2-Definitions: Instead of the hassle of having to make physical payments, electronic payments are payments made online. They are made through the financial institution’s website.Electronic Billing is the electronic delivery and presentation of bills, invoices, and related information sent by a company to its customers. Instead of receiving paper bills through the mail, and then writing out and sending a check, bills can be received by e-mail, or accessed through the bi ller’s website. It is also known as Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment, or EBPP, which is a model based on business-to-consumer. Electronic Invoice Presentment and Payment, or EIPP, is the equivalent for a business-to-business payment, however, we won’t be overing it in this paper. The Electronic Bill Presentment & Payment (EBPP) model enables customers of banks and billing companies to use the internet or the phone to conveniently remit payments as well as access their billing information. It was created in the United-States by the Council for Electronic Billing and Payment (CEBP) of the National Automated Clearing House Association (NACHA) The biggest and most obvious difference between EBPP systems and the traditional method of bill payment, is that of technology.Rather than receiving a bill through the mail, writing out and sending a check, consumers receive their bills in an email, or are prompted to visit a website to view and pay their bills 3-Content Creat ion and Bill Design: There are several types of information in an electronic bill, most of which are the same you would find in a traditional paper bill. First, it identifies the customer, or their authorized agent, in order to link this particular bill to the biller’s account receivable processes.It includes the name and address, the account number with the Biller (or any other information that the biller has determined to identify its customers like an ID number, username, or phone number), and the time period for the bill ( a week, or a month, or a year). Second, it states the amount due from the customer, as well as any details explaining new charges over the billing period if there are any; for example, long distance phone bills contain details of each call and other specific charges included in the amount due. Third, it specifies the date when the total amount is due.Fourth, it includes a period-to-period reconciliation of activity since the last bill or statement was p roduced, so that the customer is able to compare the differences. Fifth, it specifies the disclosure information from Biller to Customer, so that the Customer is advised of the disclosure policy of the biller. Sixth, the customer can view his previous bills and account activity history from prior billing cycles. The electronic bill is also an opportunity for advertising (which the biller controls) that help in cross selling and marketing the biller’s product and services.Finally, customer care contact information is available in case a customer needs help or guidance. The term Bill Summary is generally used to encompass the essential items : Name, Amount due and due date. The term Bill Detail is used to include any of the remaining items, which a Biller may elect to send to its customers 4-Presentment of the Bill – Process: Transitioning from Paper-Based to Electronic Formats There are five different methods of porting the printed documents and their information conten t to an online form that can be utilized by EBPP: 1. Conversion to PDF format . Rasterization to GIF, JPG or PNG formats 3. Recomposition into HTML or XML 4. Conversion to normal HTML or XML 5. Translation to highly formatted HTML or XML Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the application, the organization will decide which method to use. i)Content Creation and Deployment: In the bill-presentment stage, the primary steps of content authoring and deployment are essential. The steps include creation of the content, content reviews, approving the content, modification of the content and lastly, the deployment of the content.Exhibit 1, illustrates the process involved in the content creation and deployment phase. The policies and procedures involved in the content creation and deployment require responsibilities to be designated to certain individuals to further ensure that all aspects of the web page are well maintained. Developing an internal style gui de would serve to provide the page layout, design elements and maintain consistency in terms of the look and feel of the web pages. The style guide would also facilitate the system by providing information on how to link one page to other pages. The creation of the web page (presentment) is rather straightforward.The true challenges arise when facing a number of issues, namely the maintenance of the web page in terms of the content of information and errors/breakdowns and up to date modifications (could be daily), as well as the configuration of the access network on which the web page is based. ii)Notification Notification about the invoice can be delivered to the customer (bill payer) in a variety of ways. The most common method used is notification through e-mails. The customer receives an e-mail notifying them of the account balance or amount due. However, this method is limited in terms of its graphical presentation and potential.A more effective method of notifying the consume r of their invoice is to send the URL (link of the website) that contains the invoice in order to overcome the limitations of e-mailing the invoice. The latest trend however in the notification aspect of a bill is via mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Instead of e-mailing the customer, the biller may establish a database for the client’s phone numbers and send them text messages stating the amount due, the due date of the bill as well as any additional information the biller finds necessary to provide.In the traditional case of paper-based bills, notification is done through mailing the actual invoice to the customer/client. iii)Bill Presentment: Under EBPP, bill presentment is the stage where the biller/consolidator delivers a copy of the actual bill to the customer/client in an electronically generated format. The bill may be presented with complete details of the invoice or as a summary of the details, depending on the extent and intensity of the detail s involved. Through bill presentment, the biller is able to communicate more effectively with the clients being billed.The reason why interaction between the biller and the clients is enhanced is due to the ability of the biller to guide the customers to the areas of interest as well as study or better understand the client’s preferences and trends. Electronic bill presentment may also assist the biller by improving brand loyalty by providing the clients with a well developed a compelling experience. Aspects concerning marketing and advertising can also be addressed by monitoring and controlling the space of the web page surrounding the area of the invoice.Additional aspects may be provided by making information about pending orders, past payments as well as pending payments available. iv)Electronic Payment and Posting: This presents the last stage involved in EBPP. The Billers as well as the consolidators are required to provide the customers with various forms of payments i n order to provide the customer with flexibility. Payments may be set to be made automatically or at the discretion of the customer. The types of payments may include: †¢Direct debit from accounts †¢One-time payments †¢Check payments Online payments/ Electronic funds transfers †¢Bank cards/ Credit card payments. Customers are also provided with the choice of making multiple payments to a single provider or one combined payment for multiple services to the consolidator (such as epost). The concept of â€Å"Posting† highlights the documentation of the information on when the bill was paid, how the payment was made and the amount of the payment made for the services. Such information is then updated to the biller’s accounts-receivables systems. 5-Comparison of Paper-Based and Electronic SolutionsExhibits 2 and 3 show the comparison between the paper based billing cycle and the electronic billing cycle. In both billing cycles (electronic and paper based ), the creation of the bill goes through the same stages: Data collection, Mediation, Rating and Content creation and bill design. In the stage of bill design and creation however, the bill is only formatted when it’s a paper based one, and printed when it’s an electronic bill. The main difference between the two cycles is at the stage of the Presentment of the bill.In the case of a paper based payment, after the bill is formatted, there is notification by regular mail and then the bill is presented. In the case of the electronic billing cycle, there is notification by internet and then there’s an extra stage where the bill is converted onto a Web-friendly format, this is referred to as the Transition to Electronic stage. Finally, the bill is presented either by Web or printed and the check is sent to the biller if it’s a paper based bill, or the payment could be executed immediately and electronically in the case of an electronic bill. – Parties I nvolved: Billers, bankers, aggregators and consolidators implementing EBPP can play various roles in the overall EBPP process. Once roles are defined, it is easier to identify which model (aggregator, biller-direct or e-mail based) is most appropriate for the client's EBPP strategy. Billers may also implement more than one model in order to best serve their clients. Because the industry is continuously changing and redefining, the options and opportunities for EBPP will continue to expand.There are several parties involved in the EBPP process: The biller payment provider, or BPP, is the biller’s bank that receive payment and provides account receivable information. It is an agent of the biller that accepts remittance informatio on behalf of the biller. The bill service provider, or BSP, provides EBPP services to the biller like posting bill details, consolidating bills and delivering them to the customer service provider, or providing bill summary ditribution. The customer se rvice provider, or CSP, as it names implies, provides the customer with an interface for bill presentment.It enrolls them, enables presentment and provides customer care and support. They are contacted directly by the customer to help with a payment or receive general assistance and answer questions. The Consolidator is a biller service provider that aggregates all the customer’s bills from multiple billers in one central website. An example of a consolidator is Canada’s epost where the customer securely accesses the website to both view and pay his/her bills. It is advantageous in that the customers can view and pay all their bills at once. 7- Evolution Phases:The fast paced development of the Internet (World Wide Web) has enabled the establishment of an environment where companies and customers have direct and immediate forms of communication. This made way to more effective and efficient methods to undertake transactions between two or more parties. Services such as Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment (EBPP) were bound to take place. The end result was replacing paper mail bills with electronic documents that served the same purpose, only in a more efficient light. In 1999, Canada post implemented the world’s first electronic post office, epost.This put Canada in the forefront of the Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment market. By providing a free and universally available service, epost dominated the e-billing market and provided solutions to many Canadians. By 2002, the e-billing market was split between epost and Webdoxs, epost’s main competitor at the time. In July 2004, epost increased its market share through its acquisition of webdoxs. This made epost Canada’s main EBPP service provider and by the end of 2004, epost secured 1. 6 million registered users. However, despite the growth of the e-billing sector, the profits generated were not significant.The combined revenue of e-billing service providers, namely, epost, Innovapost and Canada post International Ltd. was $192 million in 2004, $18 million less than the previous year. Despite the substantial drop in the revenues generated by e-billing service providers the prospects for the e-billing sector remained optimistic due to the high growth potential of the e-billing sector. Canada post was aware of the fact that the average bill paying customer needed time to adapt to the new techniques provided by e-billings sector. Visa Canada's national purchasing study, â€Å"How Business Buys,† released May 2001, shows that e-commerce based billing and ordering processes will more than quadruple by 2005. Currently, e-billing accounts for only two percent of corporate billing. Benefits include reduced internal costs and reduced time consumption. † Visa Study published by Allbusiness in 2001 (http://www. allbusiness. com/public-administration/1169884-1. html) In 2005, epost approached Canada’s major financial institutions in orde r to implement the e-billing component through the financial institutions’ online banking element.Such a step would allow the banks’ clients to gain access to the same epost features (receiving, viewing, paying and storing bills online) directly from the financial institutions’ website. This in turn would enable epost to reach a larger market base of customers through the financial institutions. â€Å"Research that focused on people who bank online shows they are increasingly valuable, long-term bank customers who are more likely to invest more money and purchase additional services. These are the same customers that would be attracted to and benefit from EBPP.It’s our goal to have every Canadian banking online, receive all their critical mail online through epost. † As stated by Roger Couldrey, president and CEO of epost. By the end of 2005, epost had been integrated into many of Canada’s major financial institutions, namely Bank of Montrea l (BMO – Canada’s first bank), CIBC, Laurentian Bank, Desjardins, Royal Bank of Canada Financial Group, National Bank of Canada, Scotia Bank and Toronto Dominion Trust. By targeting Canada’s online banking customers, epost was able to effectively increase interest and use of the e-billing sector.According to statistics gathered by ComScore Media Metrics in 2004, 11 million Canadians browsed their financial institution’s website in order to access their financial information. Additionally, in 2003 Forrester Research found Canadians to be early adopters of Web-based financial services when compared to Americans. A large number of Canadians, 55 percent, used the web for banking/financial services while only 37 percent of Americans used the internet for banking services. Such statistics set the market base for epost and established the key basis for its inevitable expansion as Canada’s leading EBPP service provider.Today EBPP is one of the most utilize d concepts in North America, with a market of approximately 330 million regular users. Interest among Canadian businesses is growing at an overwhelming pace; many are discovering that it is the most cost effective method to undertake the billing aspect of conducting business. Moreover, due to the ever increasing importance of preserving the environment, the implementation of the e-billing component would contribute to the cause of saving the environment by using less paper and producing less waste. 8- Advantages of EBPP )Benefits to the corporations/implementers: The implementation of EBPP has brought about many advantages for both the companies billing and the customers getting billed. The 100+ Canadian companies, now using epost’s e-billing services, have experienced a number of advantages starting with delivering bills to their customers instantly. This saves a substantial amount of time for the billers, since the mailing and processing floats will be significantly reduced , leading to quicker payments of bills, as well as reduced Days Sales Outstanding (DSO).This means that bills will be collected faster by firms, enabling them to pay their suppliers earlier, hence enhancing the way in which business is conducted between a corporation and it’s paying clients by reducing the cash conversion period. Payments made by customers will be automatically linked to the corporation’s Accounts Receivables, providing the company with better control over its pending payments and overall cash position. Beyond the aspect of speed, the corporation’s costs of presentment will be significantly reduced, up to 80%.It would also abolish the costs of paper, printing and postage fees. With the lowest possible costs of payment processing, distribution and collection of bills, firms will be reducing their costs effectively while increasing their profits. Additionally, the costs of implementing the e-billing component are relatively little, taking into acc ount the vast cost reductions of implementing the system. Furthermore, EBPP will enable a corporation to observe its customer’s behavior, since customer needs will be apparent through the usage of the features provided.The corporation will be able to achieve customer satisfaction by placing emphasis on and enhancing the features its customers appear to be utilizing the most. The corporation will also be able to reach its customers through the â€Å"interactive† statement messages system, which can be used as a tool for marketing and advertising new features, products and/or services. Furthermore, such a system can be used to get clients registered for recurring automated payments each month/period as well as providing the option of non-recurring payments, such as a one-time bill.Taking into consideration the overall advantages provided by the implementers of EBPP, it would be safe to say that the growth potential for the e-billing sector is enormous. Up until now, ther e are approximately 100 Canadian companies implementing the system. This number is expected to grow in time due to the vast number of advantages provided by EBPP. ii)Benefits to the customer: Although most systems are designed to further benefit the company implementing them, EBPP is a tool for both the company and its clients.EBPP enables the customer to immediately self-activate (open) their account in order for them to make recurring periodic (monthly) payments. It ultimately saves the customer the time taken to physically mail or make the payment at their financial institution, and practically eliminates the mail float by allowing the customer to make payments immediately after viewing the bill online. EBPP is also flexible in the sense that it can be implemented in many different forms providing the customer with a vast number of ways to utilize its many features.EBPP gives the customer an array of drafting options, from customer-initiated payments to automatic drafts or even s afety drafts if necessary. Customers can make the payments either through a consolidator such as epost, the corporation itself such as Rogers Telecom or through their bank such as Bank of Montreal. By giving the customer a wide range of choices, he/she can choose what they are most comfortable with in terms of security and quality of service.The number of errors made by the bill payers and the billers are also substantially reduced due to the ability of the platform to allow pre-filled customer interactive information to ensure all content collected/distributed is correct. Additionally, epost provides its registered users with the option to store their bills for up to 7 years. This allows for maximum efficiency, the customer will no longer have to pile up his/her paper bills for future reference rather, they will have their bills stored online and accessible at all times. Security wise, EBPP is rather comprehensive.In order to gain access to an account, the account number and its ma tching password are required. Furthermore, it encrypts the information transmitted from a computer to the designated server through Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. This reduces the chances of confidential information falling into the wrong hands. Overall, EBPP systems are usually designed to maximize security and confidentiality in order to encourage users to share their personal financial information to streamline the activities involved in making payments for desired products/services. ii)Benefits to the Environment: Although the benefits to the environment are clearly visible, translating the benefits in terms of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions would illustrate the concept in a more effective light. If Canadians were to replace 40% of their paper bills with electronic bills and only print 20% of the electronic bills, GHG emissions would be substantially reduced by 10,500 tonnes per year. Replacing 80% of the paper bills and printing only 5% of the electronic ones w ould lead to 22,000 tons of reduced GHG emissions.Such goals would serve to better preserve the environment and would reduce the amount of waste produced by a significant portion. Canadian businesses would end up saving approximately $1. 1 billion dollars in total. Doubling the implementations would lead to a $2. 2 billion reduction in expenditure by businesses increasing their overall profits while ensuring that their operations are in line with the environmental constraints of reducing waste/GHG emissions. 9-Risk Affiliated with the Adoption and Non-Adoption of EBPPBillers must take into consideration every type of billing presentment and payment the market offers today since it is their main ingredient to be successful. Therefore, billers have to offer the optimal billing presentment and payment that will bring customer satisfaction and be convenient for the biller at the same time. After the introduction of Electronic Bill Presentment and Payments (EBBP) many billers are facing a dilemma of risk due to the adoption or non-adoption of EBPP.For instance, if the biller decides to adopt EBPP, there will be potential of non-acceptance from the biller’s customers after the implementation of EBPP and that will lead to a decrease in the profit margins because of lost customers. The biller might also encounter fraud attempts especially because the bill will be electronically paid. Moreover, there might be a defect in the operational process of electronic presentment and payments such as a system freeze which will incur more costs on the behalf of the biller.Then again, if the biller decides not to implement the EBPP, the biller might be going against the market’s new trend hence this will put the company in a competitive disadvantage. Therefore, the biller will start losing market share and this will reflect negatively as a decrease in the biller’s profit margins due to lost customers. 10- Users of EBPP in Canada (Business Sectors): Most busine sses that implement EBPP provide their customers with services that require recurring payments, rather than a one-time payment (non-recurring).This implies that EBPP would be more convenient for service geared businesses that provide the customer with an ongoing service, which would require the customer to make repeated payments. Businesses operating in the following service providing sectors would greatly benefit from the implementation of EBPP, since all forms of viewing/paying the bill would be streamlined and undertaken from one location. i)Telecommunications Service Providers ii)Utilities Service Providers iii)Visa/Master Procurement cards iv)Banks and financial institutions v)Insurance providers vi)Postal Industries 11-Conclusion:Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment offers a streamlined method of payment, which is very advantageous for both the billers and their clients and notably the environment. Moreover, it considerably reduces costs and the amount of time to make a pay ment. Despite the drawbacks or risks of implementing EBPP, the benefits clearly outweigh the disadvantages. We believe that by 2015 paper bills will probably be inexistent in Canada, due to the expectations of recessions, companies will realize that they will save a lot of money by implementing the e-billing component, despite its high implementation costs.EBPP is the next trend for all businesses, and is expected to become the standard form of bill presentment and payment. 12-References: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_July_8? pnum=3&opg=n6098705&tag=artBody;col1 http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_July_8/ai_n6098705 http://cebp. nacha. org/documents/ebpp-buspractices-2-1. pdf www. cdnpay. ca www. wikipedia. ca http://www. bce. ca/data/documents/responsibility/innovating_toward_a_low_carbon_canada. pdf Margaret Tan (2005). E-payment: The digital Exchange. NUS Press Kornel Teplan (2003). Electronic Bill Presentment an

Mother s Relationship With Her Mother Essay - 962 Words

Attachment Ashley was not a happy baby, she didn’t want to stay with the baby sitter when her mother was at work. She cried when her mother left her with the baby sitter. The sitter had tried a lot to comfort her and made her happy, but nothing worked for her. Meanwhile she wouldn t get happy when her mother came back home, she still was nagging and getting angry and frustrated. Her mother wasn t always available for her, Sometimes she was very responsive to her; hugging her and comforting her. Sometimes she just ignored her and didn’t pay attention to her at all. Even now that she is six years old, Ashley really doesn t know how to behave to make her mother wanting her. She is very confused and very anxious about her relationship with her mother. Billy noticed; she always studies hard to make her mother happy. Ashley tries her best to get her mother approval all the time and she doesn t have any close friend. Ashley’s personality and behaviors during past and now put her in Ambivalent/Anxious category. Ambivalent/anxious child is unable to use the caregiver as a secure base, seeking proximity before separation occurs. Distressed on separation with ambivalence and anger. Preoccupied with caregiver s availability, seeking contact but resisting angrily when it is achieved. Not easily calmed by strangers. In this relationship, the child always feels anxious because the caregiver s availability is never consistent. In the other hand, caregiver of AmbivalentShow MoreRelatedAmy Tan s Relationship With Her Mother928 Words   |  4 Pageschildren to her parents. Amy was born to her mother’s second husband. Later on, her family escaped China on the last boat before the Communist takeover of China in 1949. Her mother left behind three other kids from a previous marriage. Amy finished high school in Switzerland, and fought with her mom the whole time. She went to college at a Bapti st college. 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Albert Einsteins Journey to Become one of the Most...

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Special Populations - 1071 Words

Child Advocacy in Colorado The Importance of a Case Manager As defined; child advocacy refers to a range of individuals, professionals and advocacy organizations who promote the optimal development of children. An individual or organization engaging in advocacy typically volunteer to protect children’s rights which may be abridged or abused in a number of areas. (Weinzweig, 2004) A child advocate not only provides a child with a safe haven, they also provide a voice when the child is not loud enough. Child Advocacy services can usually be sought after through the help of a case manager. In Colorado, when a child is placed in foster care, a service that is provided through the state is case management. One of the services that case†¦show more content†¦Case management plays a very important role when it comes to children who need child advocacy who are in foster care. Within Colorado alone there are several different child advocate programs that one can volunteer for. 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History Of Virtual Private Networks Tracesâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The History Of Virtual Private Networks Traces? Answer: Introduction Virtual networks are identified as virtual environments that offer an array of possibilities and plenty of flexibility. The network infrastructure is responsible for providing hardware and software environments at very low rates. According to experts, the virtual network system is a play area or a test space for trying new ideas safely. You dont have to worry about breaking anything in a virtual setting. Also, there are no inconvenient switch ports or wirings inside a virtual environment. Very little work has to be done configuring a host virtual system. Most of the tasks are achieved through emulation of the entire hardware entity and with network protocols that are carefully supported by the guest operating system. The only exception in virtual networks would be the NAT Adapter that works with the TCP/IP protocol. History of Virtual Networks The history of virtual private networks traces back to early 1996s. This was when Gurdeep Singh-Pall of Microsoft invented the Point to Point Tunneling Protocol alias (PPTP). The protocol was used to implement virtual private networks [1]. The protocol allowed users to establish secure internet connections. The connections allowed them to work safely from remote locations like home. This was an important milestone in the evolution of virtual private networks. In the next few years, VPNs changed drastically. There were several different types of virtual networks introduced with a variety of protocols. This includes the SSTP, PPTP, L2TP/IPSec and OpenVPN [2]. Some third party companies invested on virtual networks to host their private servers. These servers were protected using different types of encryption algorithms, ranging from asymmetric to hashing to symmetric. Today, virtual networks are completely diverse. More than two-third of the world uses virtual networks. They are a part of government surveillance teams, online security and the censorship board. Explanation of Virtual Networks The virtual networks are private connections that establish a relationship between people and devices in the internet. It can be used to connect several thousand users together. Experts consider the virtual networks as an internet, inside the main internet. It allows users to establish secure connections that are encrypted and carefully protected from prying eyes, hackers and cyber criminals [3]. The original virtual network was designed for big businesses. It was meant to reduce the chances of hacking and data loss. Today, virtual networks are used in many places. Virtual networks are quite similar to having your very own local network connection. It is a connection where devices can be used to access the internet easily. The network depends on a wide range of tunneling protocols that can hide the source with high-level encryption algorithms [4]. These algorithms make sure data is never lost from the network. Also, anyone unintended will not see the data. Geo-restriction and censorship are two important issues that drive the need for virtual network technologies. Censorship has a history that dates back to various problems in the social media. Also, the demand for efficient virtual networks became web-surfers [5]. Advantages and Disadvantages of Virtual Networks Advantages There are several benefits in defining virtual networks. First of all, the networks are very easy to define. This reduces the need for network hardware devices. With virtual networks, companies dont have to invest on hubs or cables [6]. Also, the organizations network will have very little dependencies on complicated hardware configuration. This makes centralized access easy and management a simple process. Two, it is possible to consolidate plenty of guest systems in virtual machines. All the guest systems can be consolidated to a single processor. This means, the cost and complexity in running separate hardware gets eliminated. Virtual networks dont have the maintenance issues found in traditional networks. Three, traffic outside the virtual networks dont have to be considered. As a result, the virtual networks are bound to secure, available and high in performance. Likewise, a considerable amount of transparency is achieved in these networks. Disadvantages An interesting problem with virtual networks is that unlike traditional servers, network devices are bound to engage in I/O intense activities. This includes the process of moving data across networks. These tasks need dedicated hardware devices. The demand for high speed packet forwarding and routing with encryption algorithms and load balancing are necessary. All these properties are highly silicon dependent. Virtual machines dont have dedicated hardware devices. That means, the above mentioned tasks should be performed by a general purpose processor. This will affect the overall performance of the system. Trying to implement firewalls, routers and switches virtually will burn the CPU cycles. In some cases, the CPU would have plenty of idle time. Trying to utilize all hardware devices effectively in a virtual environment is difficult. Though there are agents to help with load balancing and network usage, the entire process is an overhead and difficult to handle. Improvements done to Virtual Networks An important area that has experienced many improvements in the past few years would be virtual network management. Many protocols are designed to help with virtual network management. Simple Network management Protocol (SNMP) was founded to help data management in virtual networks [7]. The protocol runs in a separate virtual machine with a SNMP agent. The agent supports many management information base variables. The SNMP agent relies on a routine that is pre-defined. Details about this protocol are carefully documented in RFC 1493. The SNMP agent can be broken into smaller subagents. These agents are responsible for acquiring data from the switch. Additionally, they provide a programming interface for real information [8]. Conclusion Virtual networks are responsible for providing various resource sharing capabilities. This includes resources like storage and other devices. When the guest operating system doesnt require high network bandwidth, the process of sharing networking devices is wise. It would be better to share devices rather than establish dedicated resources. Also, network management becomes easy with virtual networks. Common techniques that are a part of virtual networks would be: channel to channel adapter connections and inter-user communication vehicle. These methods are responsible for creating virtual point to point connections between two IP addresses or systems. References [1] B.A. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite. Pennsylvania: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 2005. [2] M. Gupta, Building a Virtual Private Network. Ohio: Muska Lipman/Premier-Trade, 2002. [3] B. S. Davie and Y. Rekhter, MPLS: Technology and Applications. Massachusetts: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers In., 2005 [4] B. Odiyo, Virtual Private Network. Available: https://it.uu.se/edu/course/homepage/sakdat/ht06/assignments/pm/programme/odiyo-dwarkanath.pdf [Accessed: Aug 28, 2017] [5] N. Duffield, P. Goyal, A. G. Greenberg and J. E. van der Merwe, "A flexible model for resource management in virtual private networks," ACM, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 95-108, Oct. 1999 [6] T. Braun, M. Gunter, M. Kasumi and I. Khalil, Virtual Private Network Architecture. Available: https://home.inf.unibe.ch/~rvs/research/publications/TR-IAM-99-001.pdf [Accessed: Aug 28, 2017] [7] J. D. Case, M. Fedor, M. L. Schoffstall, and C. Davin, "Simple Network Management Protocol," RFC 1157, May 1990. [8] W. Stallings, SNMP, SNMPv2, SNMPv3, and RMON 1 and 2. Boston: Addison Wesley, 1998.

Poem Analysis Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo Essay Example

Poem Analysis: Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo Essay A Tale of Two Mammals: The Analysis of How to Make it in Society Connected by the delicate branches of the tree that sprouted from the constantly expanding lineage of the Mammalian family, the hedgehog and the armadillo are also separated by millions of years of evolution. The choice in animals for the poems did not fall under the laws of natural selection, they were hand selected to represent the separate, yet connected underlying messages. Paul Muldoon, author of â€Å"Hedgehog†, and Yusef Komunyakaa, author of â€Å"Night of the Armadillo†, both declare society as a negative parasitic being. Both mammalian protagonists bear suits of armor that barely suppress the impending offensive physical/social forces, all the meanwhile representing the average man due to the small figure compared to the overwhelming size of society, while the relation comes from not one excerpt of each poem, yet each line is an ingredient in preparing one single message. The authors argue that society is a cancerous force that contorts itself to reach under the shells of individuals, yet when approached by conformity-resistant armored personalities, it attacks and isolates the target. â€Å"The snail moves like a Hovercraft, held up by a Rubber cushion of itself, Sharing its secret With the hedgehog. The hedgehog Shares its secret with no one. We say, Hedgehog, come out Of yourself and we will love you. We mean no harm. We want Only to listen to what You have to say. We want Your answers to our questions. The hedgehog gives nothing Away, keeping itself to itself. We wonder what a hedgehog Has to hide, why it so distrusts. We forget the god under this crown of thorns. We forget that never again will a god trust in the world† In this poem, the snail stands for the conformists who have given into the cancerous ways of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: Hedgehog Night of the Armadillo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The spineless invertebrates are the bottom feeders of the world the lower, more common species of the animal hierarchy. The author uses a mollusk to display the disposability of the common conformed individual. The snail may have the protection of a shell, but he must leave that behind to slowly spread his secrets. On the other hand, the hedgehog represents much more than the snail. It is vastly more rare and exotic, and is hailed supreme as the Mammalia family presides over the Mollusk with the addition of the strength that lies in its backbone, intelligence, and the warm oxygenated blood pumping through its body. Given its advantages over the Mollusk, its Achilles heel is that the hedgehog is vastly outnumbered by the heavy populated snail. The hedgehog is the goodness in human kind, its integrity. Honorably, the animal keeps to its ties by not sharing it’s secrets with society. An ominous commentary then begins toward the hedgehog, and the collected voice of society calls out to the noble creature requesting the vermin to lower his shields in return for the love of his peers. Society begs and begs to extract the requested information with the promise of safety. The voice keeps calling out to the uninterested individual, trying to establish any connection it can until the desire became too great. â€Å"We want / Your answers to our questions† (11-12), requests turn to demands and society begins to take the offensive on the tank of the animal kingdom. This evolution of communication, passive to aggressive, is underlying proof of the liquid goal society has to seep into armor of the unsuspecting average man. Yielding his integrity over the curiosity of society, the hedgehog finds trust only in itself. This refusal at the moral level shows the strength and integrity the hedgehog has. While the hedgehog is the goodness in people, society views this negatively, as keeping to himself must be a reason for the vermin to be hiding something, even though the hedgehog is the lone light in the dark. The voice’s transition from a positive outtake to a negative one is shown when he labels the hedgehog with a capital â€Å"Your†, then never again capitalizing another reference of the small armored mammal. The hedgehog is alone from his peers, isolated from the rest of society as he keeps to himself. The author realizes that society wants a hero, a savior to improve the world. The reason there is not one is that we forget the good people in the world, because the independent ones who make their own choices take the â€Å"road less traveled† and society looks down on this. In the next stanza, the tone shifts as the author directly connects the conflict between the hedgehog vs. the voices to man vs. society when he clarifies, â€Å"We forget the god†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (17). Muldoon covertly exposes the real identity of the hedgehog when substituting the animal as the deity that, in the Judea-Christian belief, is whom â€Å"created man in His own image† (Genesis 1:27). While the hedgehog is God, the voice is society as the author connects the dots between the narrator and â€Å"We†. When Muldoon states â€Å"We†, he in-avertedly ties together the voice, â€Å"We†, and he reaches out of the paper to also include the audience, and society all into this one same being. In this poem our god-like hedgehog is adorned â€Å"under this crown of thorns† (18), to represent the spikes that shield him from the outer world, to represent the pain and agony the hedgehog bears from the rejection of the voice, and to connect the event to yet another religious tie, the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. As society condemned the Savior, a good man who went against common beliefs, to execution with the symbolism of the crown of thorns. If there are good people in the world, then society is isolating them by depraving them of all trust in the outside world. Yusef Komunyakaa’s poem reads, â€Å"You huddle into a shield or breastplate, a whisper in the dark summoning your kin one by one along the frontier. In your kingdom, errant knight of undergrowth, even in your gut fear, you’re always on the verge of a new border or at the edge before crossing into the interior f false prophecies. Desert blooms or berries fall into marshy hush. Around a sharp curve planetary lights spring out of nothingness. How did you go wrong? With only blind faith amp; a dead star left in your eyes, where’s North America? You’ve been around eons, not knowing when you’ve left one age amp; entered another, but I found your Olympus of foolish odds in the modern world. Lovers in cars, delivery trucks make leaves tremble along the roadside. If you know this, little suitcase of guts amp; nails, you are still alive, ven with your broken hinges. † The armadillo holds itself in defense in his shell, the only separation between the noble vermin and his enemies. Komunyakaa describes the shell â€Å"You huddle into a shield or breastplate† (1) as a shield or breastplate to envelop the armadillo in a foggy image of a knight, the bold individual soldiers whom preformed solemn quests to prove oneself. In the next few lines, society’s whispers ride upon the evening zephyr and drain into the thoughts of the armored individual hoping to coax them into uncharted lands. The peer pressure is constantly beckoning the armadillo out to journey where he has not tread, into a land of unforeseen dangers, risk, melted tar, and reflectors. The inner-knight in the armor relishes this quest and follows the urge to taste from the forbidden fruits in the promised Eden that lay ahead. The pioneer vermin is dragged into the territory, nose first in a fruitless attempt to seek the empty promises of looming â€Å"desert blooms or berries fall into marshy hush† (7-8). The planetary lights foreshadow and reveal the literal attacker, yet shroud the ominous metaphorical predator of the story, society. The armadillo is the individual that goes against the way in society, shown literally when the critter crosses the road in a perpendicular fashion to the ongoing stream of cars. The armadillo is the person who â€Å"took the road less traveled by† (Frost) while the cars are the clone-like conformist creations of modern society, and each looks and functions the same in the eyes of the armadillo. Dramatic irony pulls back the view of the car and the armadillo to a bird’s eye view; it seemingly detaches the author from the scene as he can analyze each oncoming aspect of the event from a different point of view. The author criticizes the armadillo for not knowing what was to happen, and for merely going off the orders he received. The defensive armadillo is the struggling American trying to make it in today’s world. He was on the journey to the fruits of his labor until he was struck by the car that life will strike one down with. The hollow shell of a soul in an endless search for unknown riches, the armadillo is a ghostly apparition of the middle class should as it is his quest that leads him to the car, it is him that acts on faith that the bloom will be there, it is him who goes against the automobile in lands unknown. The car has been waiting for him, positioning itself all along for the fateful event to come; the car is the bullet of society waiting to penetrate the taut skin of the average hardworking man with economic and social forces powering it to crush the target. When asking the rhetorical question, the commentary ties the relation between armadillos and cars to individuals in society by asking â€Å"where’s North America† (11). By doing so, this further proves that the injured animal is the American man devastated by the economy. He tells the audience that this happens to the majority of people who â€Å"cross the road† as the armadillo is the same sentient being reincarnated time after time, eon after eon to fill out the same template which we call life. They are no different from others, nor different from themselves even in other past lives. Each is the same, differing in some substitutions to their own template, yet still guided by the parallel rails of ignorance and selfishness. The armadillo is the center of his own universe, just as it is with the average American taking risk against the â€Å"Olympus of foolish odds† (14-15). Much as the Armadillo ignores the incoming traffic, Americans’ â€Å"Olympus† of ignorance is what blinds them into getting metaphorically run over. The author then distresses a message about the peer pressure of society. While no matter the person, all of society are cars, whether lovers or delivery trucks, and they each only make leaves tremble in their wake. To be something different, the author yearns to reach out by telling the audience that even if struck by a car, keep going on: â€Å"you are still alive, even with your broken hinges† (19-20). Both poems convey two different messages, yet when combined they tell the audience to â€Å"take the road less traveled†. To tread from the constant contorting liquid image of society that strives to surround and drown the weary traveler. To be the individual who takes a stand for their beliefs. To be the one who wears an outer suit of armor. To assume the position of â€Å"the god under this crown of thorns† (17-18). And upon that sacrifice, that martyrdom, keep on traveling the path in-between the parallels of integrity and morality, because â€Å"you are still alive, even with your broken hinges† (19-20). Works Cited Holy Bible, New International Version ®, NIV ® Copyright  © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by   Biblica, Inc. Komunyakaa, Yusef. Night of the Armadillo. Editorial. The Paris Review. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. theparisreview. org/poetry/6136/two-poems-yusef-komunyakaagt;. Frost, Robert. â€Å"The Road Not Taken. † Poetry X. Ed. Jough Dempsey. 16 Jun 2003. 01 Nov. 2012. lt;http://poetry. poetryx. com/poems/271/gt;. Hedgehog from  Poems 1968-1998  by Paul Muldoon. Copyright  © 2001 by Paul Muldoon. Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus amp; Giroux, LLC. www. fsgbooks. com